Exchange and Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex Terrain and the Sea

As the regional models required to understand and control the generation, distribution and deposition of air pollutants become more precise, the need to understand the detailed effects of hilly and mountainous terrain becomes more acute. The alpine regions and the mountainous Mediterranean coasts have large effects on the way the pollutant burden is spread in their areas. Similarly an understanding of the effects of chemical and physical processes controlling pollutant deposition and the emission of biogenic organic compounds is essential to the correct modelling of the coastal regions which surround so much of Europe.

This book presents the results from two projects in which these problems were studied; one involved a series of field campaigns in the Alps and in the Rhine valley; the other, campaigns involving ships and platforms in the North Sea and also in the Mediterranean. For each there is an overview by the coordinator together with reviews of particular topics and contributions from the individual principal investigators. The book is volume 9 of the series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere.
 

Table of Contents

Part I:   Air - Sea Exchange

Chapter 1 Overview of Air - Sea Exchange
        S.E. Larsen  3

Chapter 2 Aerosols and Deposition to Marine Systems  9

2.1 A Review of the Magnitude and Significance of Atmospheric Inputs of Metals and Nutrients to Marine Ecosystems
        T.D. Jickells and L.J. Spokes  9

2.2 The North Sea Experiment 1991 (NOSE): A Lagrangian-type experiment
         M. Schulz  and other authors  13

2.3 Factors Determining Particle Dynamics over the Air-Sea Interface
         G. de Leeuw, S.E. Larsen and P.G. Mestayer 24

2.4 Aerosol Dynamics Modelling in the Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer
         P.G. Mestayer and B. Tranchant 32

2.5 Dynamics of Aerosols in the Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer
         G. de Leeuw and A.M.J. van Eijk 40

2.6 Fluxes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer
         S.E. Larsen, L.-L. S. Geernaert, F.Aa. Hansen, P. Hummelshøj, N.O. Jensen and J.B. Edson 49

2.7 Aerosol and Rain Chemistry in the Marine Environment
         J.L. Colin, R. Losno, N. Le Bris, M. Tisserant, I. Vassali, S. Madec, S. Cholbi,
            F. Vimeux, G. Bergametti, H. Cachier, C. Liousse,
                 J. Ducret, , B. Lim, M.H. Pertuisot and P. Buat Menard 65

2.8 Atmospheric Inputs to Marine Systems
         T.D. Jickells, L.J. Spokes, M.M. Kane, A.R. Rendell and R.R. Yaaqub 80

2.9 Transformation of Polluted Air Masses when Transported over Sea with respect to Deposition Processes
         M. Schulz, T. Stahlschmidt, A. Rebers and W. Dannecker 85

2.10 Chemical Transformations in the North Sea Atmosphere
         R. M. Harrison, C.J. Ottley, M.I. Msibi and A.-M. Kitto  89

2.11 Elemental Composition and Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols above and around the North Sea
         W. Maenhaut and F. François  97

2.12 Study of Individual Particle Types and Heavy Metal Deposition for North Sea Aerosols using Micro and Trace Analysis Techniques
         R. Van Grieken, J. Injuk, L. De Bock and H. Van Malderen 105

2.13 Air-Sea Exchange Fluxes of Mercury and Atmospheric Deposition to the North Sea
         W. Baeyens, M. Leermakers, C. Meuleman and  Q. Xianren 111

2.14 Deposition of Nitrogen Compounds to the Danish Coastal Waters
         W.A.H. Asman, R. Berkowicz, O. Hertel, E.H. Runge,
            L.-L. Sørensen, K. Granby, P.K. Jensen, J. Christensen,
                H. Nielsen, B. Jensen, S.-E. Gryning, A.M. Sempreviva,
                    N.A. Kilde, H. Madsen, P. Allerup, S. Overgaard,
                        J. Jørgensen, F. Vejen and K. Hedegaard 119

Chapter 3 Biological Processes and Air-Sea Exchange of Biogases 125

3.1 Oceans as Sources or Sinks of Biologically Produced Gases Relevant to Climatic Change
     S. Rapsomanikis 125

3.2 Influence of Photochemical and Biological Processes on the Selenium Cycle
        at the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface
     D. Amouroux, C. Pecheyran, M.M. De Souza Sierra and O.F.X. Donard 131

3.3 Biological Production of Trace Gases in Surface Seawater
        and their Emission to the Atmosphere
     P S Liss, W J Broadgate, A D Hatton, R H Little, G Malin,
        N C McArdle, P D Nightingale and S M Turner 139

3.4 Origin and Importance of Particulate Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSPp)
        in the Marine Cycle of Dimethylsulphide (DMS)
     S. Belviso, M. Corn, U. Christaki, J.C. Marty, C. Cailliau and P. Buat-Ménard 145

3.5 Seasonal and Latitudinal Variations of Dimethylsulfide Emissions
        from the North-East Atlantic Ocean
     B.C. Nguyen, J.-P. Putaud and N. Mihalopoulos 148

3.6 The Biogeochemical Cycling of Carbonyl Sulfide and Dimethyl Sulfide
        at the European Continental Margin
     G. Uher, V.S. Ulshöfer, O.R. Flöck, S. Rapsomanikis and M.O. Andreae 163

3.7 Air Sea Exchanges of Non-methane Hydrocarbons
     B. Bonsang 168

3.8 The Oceanic Source of Light Nonmethane Hydrocarbons
     J. Rudolph, M. Ratte, Ch. Plass-Dülmer, R. Koppmann 181

Chapter 4 ASE Publications: 1988 - 1995   197

Part II:   The TRACT Experiment

Chapter 5 Overview of TRACT
     Franz Fiedler and Peter Borrell 223

Chapter 6 Data generation and Quality Assessments 269

6.1 Generation of an Emission Data Base for TRACT
     J. Seier, P. Berner, R. Friedrich, C. John and A. Obermeier 269

6.2 TRACT Data Quality Assessment
     V. Mohnen, H.-J. Kanter and F. Slemr 279

Chapter 7 Modelling within TRACT 285

7.1 Simulation of the Episode of the TRACT Measurement Campaign with the EURAD Model
     A. Ebel, H. Hass, H.J. Jakobs, M. Memmesheimer, J. Tippke and H. Feldmann 285

7.2 Modelling of Transport, Mixing and Deposition of Air Pollutants over Inhomogeneous Terrain including Chemical Reactions
     K. Kuntze, M. Löffler-Mang, K. Nester, G. Adrian and F. Fiedler 289

7.3 Contribution of Italian Participants to Measurements and Model Simulations
     D. Anfossi, E. Ferrero, D. Sacchetti, S. Trini Castelli, S. Finardi,
        A. Marzorati, S. Bistacchi, G. Bocchiola, G. Brusasca,
            P. Marcacci, G. Morselli, U. Pellegrini and G. Tinarelli 299

Chapter 8 Atmospheric Processes 309

8.1 Transport Processes over Complex Terrain
     A.M. Jochum, C. Strodl, H. Willeke, N. Entstrasser and H. Schlager 309

8.2 Balloon Air Turbulence Measurements at Hegeney
     G. Schayes and P. Hakizimfura 315

8.3 Surface Flux Variability in Relation to the Mesoscale
 N.O. Jensen, C.B. Hasager, P. Hummelshøj, K. Pilegaard and R. Barthelmie 322

8.4 Investigation of Mixing Processes in the Lower Troposphere over Orographically Structured Terrain
     R. Vögtlin, M. Koßmann, H.-J. Binder,
        F. Fiedler, N. Kalthoff, U. Corsmeier and H. Zimmermann 329

Chapter 9 TRACT Publications: 1988 - 1995 343

Subject Index 351

Update: 31 July 2000